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What is Git?
Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. Git is easy to learn and has a tiny footprint with lightning fast performance. It outclasses SCM tools like Subversion, CVS, Perforce, and ClearCase with features like cheap local branching, convenient staging areas, and multiple workflows.
What’s New on Git 2.26.0?
The open source Git project just released Git 2.26 with features and bug fixes from over 64 contributors, 12 of them new. Here’s our look at some of the most exciting features and changes introduced since Git 2.25.
Protocol version 2 is now the default
You may remember when Git introduced a new version of its network fetch protocol way back in 2018. That protocol is now used by default in 2.26, so let’s refresh ourselves on what that means.
The biggest problem with the old protocol is that the server would immediately list all of the branches, tags, and other references in the repository before the client had a chance to send anything. For some repositories, this could mean sending megabytes of extra data, when the client really only wanted to know about the master branch.
The new protocol starts with the client request and provides a way for the client to tell the server which references it’s interested in. Fetching a single branch will only ask about that branch, while most clones will only ask about branches and tags. This might seem like everything, but server repositories may store other references (such as the head of every pull request opened in the repository since its creation).
Now, fetches from large repositories improve in speed, especially when the fetch itself is small, which makes the cost of the initial reference advertisement more expensive relatively speaking.
And the best part is that you won’t need to do anything! Due to some clever design, any client that speaks the new protocol can work seamlessly with both old and new servers, falling back to the original protocol if the server doesn’t support it. The only reason for the delay between introducing the protocol and making it the default was to let early adopters discover any bugs.
If you’re not ready to upgrade, you can try the new protocol immediately with Git 2.19 and above by setting this config option:
git config --global protocol.version 2
Some new config tricks
Git can read config options from a few different files: one for the repository (.git/info/config), one for the user (~/.gitconfig), and one for the whole system (/etc/gitconfig). On top of that, options can be set from the command line or the environment (like git -c foo=bar ...). Occasionally this leads to confusion: you know an option is set, but you’re not sure who is setting it, or whether or not they’re overriding an earlier setting.
The git config command has had a --show-origin option for a while, but the results are rather verbose. They show the actual path where the option is found. That’s helpful if you’re going to open the file in an editor, but less so if you’re going to use git config to modify the value (by writing --system, --global, or --local).
Git 2.26 introduces --show-scope, which works similarly but uses names that can be fed back to git config. For example:
$ git config --show-scope --get-regexp 'diff.*'
global diff.statgraphwidth 35
local diff.colormoved plain
$ git config --global --unset diff.statgraphwidth
The new option can be combined with --show-origin for more detail, and can be used when looking up a single option, or listing them all:
$ git config --list --show-scope --show-origin
global file:/home/user/.gitconfig diff.interhunkcontext=1
global file:/home/user/.gitconfig push.default=current
[...]
local file:.git/config branch.master.remote=origin
local file:.git/config branch.master.merge=refs/heads/masterAnother new trick is the ability to use wildcards when matching credential URLs. Any of Git’s HTTP config options can be set for all connections (such as http.extraHeader) or only for connections to specific URLs (http.https://example.com.extraHeader). Likewise, credential config can be set everywhere (credential.helper) or for a specific URL (credential.https://example.com.helper).
The http config matcher has some extra features; it can match wildcards like *.example.com. But the older credential config matcher never learned that trick. Until now! This is useful for setting the username or a custom helper for subdomains. For example:
[credential "https://*.example.com"]
username = ttaylorr
This will work on foo.example.com, bar.example.com, and so on.
Updates to git sparse-checkout
Sparse-checkouts are a way to have only part of your repository checked out at a time. For example, let’s consider that you’re working in a monorepo, and only need the client/macos directory, and everything in it. You probably don’t want to spend time downloading old blobs from outside of that directory if you’re never going to use them. So, how do you do it?
Git does this in two parts:
- First, it asks the server to only send tree and commit objects instead of all blobs.
- Then, it tells the client to expect that some objects from the repository may be missing, and to ask the server for any of those objects if they are needed, say, for a checkout.
To tell Git to do both of these things, simply add --filter=blob:none and --sparse as command-line options to git clone, and your repository will be cloned in such a way as to only fetch blob objects as they’re needed.
You’ll notice the first time that you checkout your repository that your Git client will issue a subsequent fetch to the server. This is done automatically in order to fetch the blobs in the top-level of your working copy so that it can be checked out for you to browse around it.
In historical versions of Git, the only way to add new sub-directories to Git’s list of directories that need their blobs populated has been to run git sparse-checkout set, which sets the list of sparse-checkout directories, forcing you to re-specify them every time.
Git 2.26 now has a new git sparse-checkout add mode, which allows you to add new directory entries one at a time. Here’s an example:
$ git clone --filter=blob:none --sparse [email protected]:git/git.git
Cloning into 'git'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 175470, done.
remote: Total 175470 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 175470
Receiving objects: 100% (175470/175470), 59.07 MiB | 10.48 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (111328/111328), done.
remote: Enumerating objects: 379, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (379/379), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (379/379), done.
remote: Total 431 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 52
Receiving objects: 100% (431/431), 1.73 MiB | 4.06 MiB/s, done.
Updating files: 100% (432/432), done.
$ cd git
$ git sparse-checkout init --cone
$ git sparse-checkout add t
remote: Enumerating objects: 797, done.
# ...
Updating files: 100% (1946/1946), done.
$ git sparse-checkout add Documentation
remote: Enumerating objects: 334, done.
# ...
Updating files: 100% (723/723), done.
$ git sparse-checkout list
Documentation
t
In the example, we told Git to clone git/git excluding all blob objects and to avoid checking anything that wasn’t in the top-level directory out into our working copy. From the example, you can observe a few things:
- There are two “enumerating objects” lines in the output of
git clone. These come from the initial clone request, and the subsequent fetch to load in all blobs in the top-level directory. - Even after multiple
git sparse-checkout adds, we don’t need to re-specify the directories that we want checked out, as we would have had to withgit sparse-checkout set. - Sometimes Git asks for objects using more fetch requests than it needs to (like when we added directory t, three fetches took place when there only needed to be one). Some rough edges like this exist on the client side, and are being improved with each release.
Likewise, some rough edges have been cleaned up in the “cone” mode of sparse checkout.
Tidbits
If you’ve never used git grep to search through your Git repository, this release is a good time to try it out, since git grep is now faster than before. If you haven’t used git grep, here’s a quick run-down: git grep behaves like grep, but works in your Git repository. You can grep through the checked-out contents of your repository, but you can also grep through historical revisions, too.
git grep uses multiple threads to enhance its performance when scanning through the contents of your working tree. However, in previous releases of Git, due to some details of Git’s object storage mechanism, git grep avoided using multiple threads when looking at historical revisions.
In Git 2.26, this limitation is no more, thanks to work by Matheus Tavares, a Google Summer of Code student to make reading from the object storage layer support concurrent access. Now, you can enjoy all of the benefits of git grep --threads regardless of where you search. And since --threads defaults to the number of cores on your workstation, you don’t even have to type --threads at all.
Another lesser-known feature of Git are “worktrees”. In these posts, we’ve often discussed “the working copy”—in fact, there’s a reference in the tidbit just above this one! This has always intended to mean: “the copy of your repository that you have on your hard drive”. But, did you know that you can have multiple working copies per repository?
Though this may remind you of Git’s submodules, worktrees are entirely different. For example, I use a worktree to mount a special meta branch in my fork of Git, which contains scripts and Makefile tweaks. meta is a separate branch in ttaylorr/git without a history, but I can mount it in a top-level Meta directory in my checkout of ttaylorr/git to check scripts into my repository without having to send them upstream, or use a submodule.
In Git 2.26, the completion engine that powers the results you receive when you type git <TAB> learned about git worktree, and can now complete subcommands, paths, refs, and more.
Way back in our post about Git 2.19, we had a number of color-related tidbits. We talked about git config --color, colorization by age in git blame, and reminisced about git diff --color-moved. Since it’s been a few versions, it felt right to talk about Git’s use of color again.
In many Git commands, you can use the --format option to specify the appearance of the output to suit your liking. For example, you can write:
$ git log --format="%aN - %s"
This shows the author and message for each commit in the output of git log. These --format specifiers also support shorthands for the ANSI color escape sequences, so you can type %C(blue) instead of \x1b.
Now, Git supports the “bright” variant of the colors that have ANSI escape sequences, so you can now write %C(brightblue) to obtain, well, bright blue!
If you use Scalar or are otherwise in-the-know, you might know about Git’s capability to interact with fsmonitor-like tools (such as Facebook’s Watchman) in order to skip filesystem operations that are expensive over large trees. For example, instead of having Git query the filesystem for updates (which gets slower the larger your repository is on disk), Watchman can tell Git which files change, skipping those queries from Git altogether, making operations such as git status (which typically involves many filesystem interactions) much faster.
Watchman supports a number of different ways to tag the time at which the filesystem was last updated: the UNIX epoch, a vector-like clock identifier, and opaque tokens. Because Watchman prefers the clock identifier style, Git has been updated to understand that this may be sent instead of a UNIX epoch.
When you upgrade to Git 2.26, all you need to do is replace the hook your repository uses to communicate with Watchman, and Git will work as expected.
When we talked about partial clones earlier, we highlighted that the “partial” in “partial clones” roughly means taking the set of objects Git would have sent you and filtering it down to just the ones that you want. Ordinarily, this filtration process requires a full object traversal and thus gets slower as the number of unfiltered objects increases. However, some of these checks can be made faster by using Git’s bitmap machinery, and in Git 2.26, they have.
Because we don’t need to perform an object traversal to check whether an object is a blob, or what size it is, partial clone filters --filter=blob:none and --filter=blob:limit=<n> can run much more quickly using just bitmaps.
We’re running these patches at GitHub, so you can experiment with them and try out partial clones today by cloning any repository on GitHub.com.
When you’re performing a rebase, previous versions of Git have used a different mechanism for merging based on whether or not you’re using rebase interactively (this is the difference between git rebase and git rebase -i).
Previously, git rebase -i used the “merge” backend, and git rebase used the “apply” backend. In 2.26, both git rebase and git rebase -i now both use the “merge” backend. The two backends behave slightly differently, and so it’s worth knowing about the differences.
For example: suppose you’re rebasing and a commit pauses with conflicts. After you resolve the conflicts and stage your files, you tell Git to move to the next step using git rebase --continue. This used to immediately move ahead, taking the old commit message verbatim. With the new backend, you’re now prompted to edit the commit message so you can make note of the resolved conflicts.
For more, the author of this change contributed excellent documentation on some caveats and differences between the “merge” backend, and its former counterpart the “apply” backend, which you can learn more about from Git’s documentation.
Branching and Merging
The Git feature that really makes it stand apart from nearly every other SCM out there is its branching model.
Git allows and encourages you to have multiple local branches that can be entirely independent of each other. The creation, merging, and deletion of those lines of development takes seconds.
This means that you can do things like:
- Frictionless Context Switching. Create a branch to try out an idea, commit a few times, switch back to where you branched from, apply a patch, switch back to where you are experimenting, and merge it in.
- Role-Based Codelines. Have a branch that always contains only what goes to production, another that you merge work into for testing, and several smaller ones for day to day work.
- Feature Based Workflow. Create new branches for each new feature you’re working on so you can seamlessly switch back and forth between them, then delete each branch when that feature gets merged into your main line.
- Disposable Experimentation. Create a branch to experiment in, realize it’s not going to work, and just delete it – abandoning the work—with nobody else ever seeing it (even if you’ve pushed other branches in the meantime).
Small and Fast
Git is fast. With Git, nearly all operations are performed locally, giving it a huge speed advantage on centralized systems that constantly have to communicate with a server somewhere.
Git was built to work on the Linux kernel, meaning that it has had to effectively handle large repositories from day one. Git is written in C, reducing the overhead of runtimes associated with higher-level languages. Speed and performance has been a primary design goal of the Git from the start.
Benchmarks
Let’s see how common operations stack up against Subversion, a common centralized version control system that is similar to CVS or Perforce. Smaller is faster.
Distributed
One of the nicest features of any Distributed SCM, Git included, is that it’s distributed. This means that instead of doing a “checkout” of the current tip of the source code, you do a “clone” of the entire repository.
Multiple Backups
This means that even if you’re using a centralized workflow, every user essentially has a full backup of the main server. Each of these copies could be pushed up to replace the main server in the event of a crash or corruption. In effect, there is no single point of failure with Git unless there is only a single copy of the repository.
Any Workflow
Because of Git’s distributed nature and superb branching system, an almost endless number of workflows can be implemented with relative ease.
Subversion-Style Workflow
A centralized workflow is very common, especially from people transitioning from a centralized system. Git will not allow you to push if someone has pushed since the last time you fetched, so a centralized model where all developers push to the same server works just fine.
Data Assurance
The data model that Git uses ensures the cryptographic integrity of every bit of your project. Every file and commit is checksummed and retrieved by its checksum when checked back out. It’s impossible to get anything out of Git other than the exact bits you put in.
Staging Area
Unlike the other systems, Git has something called the “staging area” or “index”. This is an intermediate area where commits can be formatted and reviewed before completing the commit.
One thing that sets Git apart from other tools is that it’s possible to quickly stage some of your files and commit them without committing all of the other modified files in your working directory or having to list them on the command line during the commit.
Free and Open Source
Git is released under the GNU General Public License version 2.0, which is an open source license. The Git project chose to use GPLv2 to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users.
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